资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
《了不起的决心》:打开一扇感知中国的窗******
作者:田维钢(中国传媒大学电视学院教授、博士生导师);宋文植(中国传媒大学电视学院研究生)
十年一顾,沧桑巨变。近期CGTN推出的四集系列纪录片《了不起的决心》通过新颖的主题设置、国际化的传播语态、生动的人物故事,展现了中国在过去十年里的巨变,并深入地分析了巨变背后的原因,引发了海内外受众的热烈反响。该片主要由Z世代年轻人组成主创团队,历时一年策划制作,行程四万公里,以英、法、阿、俄、西、德、葡、印地语等共15种语言版本,用一种新的思路和打开方式讲述着不一样的中国故事。其中既有现场真实记录,又有理性分析思考,用专业影像让世界读懂中国的十年蝶变之道,在中国踏上新征程之际,为全球受众打开了一扇感知中国的窗。
一直以来,以“真实性”为本质特征的纪录片,是国际传播中的“文化硬通货”,被认为是传播中国声音、讲好中国故事的有效载体。而有些国际传播纪录片因过于注重国家形象的自塑,而忽视了海外观众尤其是年轻观众的兴趣取向,从而导致传播效果打了折扣。纪录片《了不起的决心》通过“酷”“钱”“暖”“未来”四个新颖的主题设置,每一集以个人故事为主导,用时代做注脚,既能涵盖这十几个方面的突出成就,又易于海外受众理解。
纪录片将厚重的中华文化底蕴及其所塑造的生活方式与思维观念,落实到当代青年人的体验与感受之中。用镜头记录下一个个传统文化重焕新生的瞬间,折射出过去十年里年青一代人心中逐渐树立起的文化自信。在《了不起的决心》中,纪录片并未堆砌展示中国文化的符号意义,而是立足当下,将视角聚焦于那些被历史文化感召并将其传承发扬的年轻人身上。片中的中国青年不仅理解传统文化之美,还在思考如何让它生生不息。纪录片团队和河南博物院华夏古乐团共同策划了“古乐还原辛弃疾经典”,复原失传数百年的《破阵子》词牌曲调演奏和吟唱方式,并用MV的形式向世界展现宋词之美和辛弃疾所代表的中国家国情怀,在海外取得了超过百万的点击量。
党的十八大以来,中国在经济、文化、科技等各方面阔步前行,取得了令世界瞩目的成就,如何解释这些变化背后的原因,成为中国媒体的重要任务。《了不起的决心》没有延续传统政论片的宏大叙事和成就巡礼,而是以类似科普片的类型化包装,思辨性的话语方式,带领观众从深圳到合肥再到鄂尔多斯一路北上,由表及里地分析中国十年发展路上每个奇迹背后的治国理念。纪录片的思辨性语态,体现在向观众抛出问题,并带领观众抽丝剥茧地分析问题,解决问题。创作者试图带领观众一同探究“中国是如何应对文化、经济、发展等发展挑战的”的问题,以24组生动具体的人物故事诠释国家战略,使原本复杂的政策性问题变得通俗易懂。比如创作者从“光”出发,揭秘激光雷达和自动驾驶背后的极客生活,了解量子纠缠背后的女工程师们和那座迅速崛起的中部城市;从“温暖”入手,跟踪记录两个脊髓性肌肉萎缩症患者家庭从绝望到希望的全过程;着眼“未来”,记录沙特人感受中国物流极致体验的故事,讲述“巴西设计”的“中国制造”产生的过程。这种基于人类命运共同体理念,向世界观众阐述中国高速发展背后的中国智慧,给海外观众留下了深刻印象。
海外传播纪录片不仅应发挥国家会客厅维度的严肃效能,同时还应顾及观赏、审美等功能。在融媒体时代,纪录片应适应移动互联网的传播特点,创新方法与策略,让世界看到中国纪录片,看懂中国纪录片,更喜欢中国纪录片,用精品力作向世界展示一个真实、立体、全面的中国。《了不起的决心》运用创意化、轻量化的视听语言,中和了纪录片原本的严肃气质,更加契合当下年轻网络受众的接受心理。在视听风格上,该片呈现出一种短视频的气质:充满节奏感与力量感的混剪,震撼的穿越航拍长镜头,活泼灵动的逐帧动画,创作者通过视听技巧的创意构思,为观众打造出一场视听盛宴。片中的人物也被这种影像风格赋予了一种潮酷气质,让受众感受到新时代中国人的蓬勃朝气。
总而言之,在全球化发展的今天,纪实影像作为一种反映人类社会生活的综合艺术以及文化传播的形式,成为世界文化沟通的桥梁。纪录片《了不起的决心》运用新鲜的视角、独特的风格、真实的笔触,用纪实影像呈现时间维度中中国动态发展的过程,审视中国人积极进取的社会实践,激发海外受众的心理共鸣,不失为一次纪录片海外传播的范例。
《光明日报》( 2022年12月21日 15版)
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)